Arduino/DC Motors
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Basics
Driving them.
On and Off (Transistor)
This is called bang-bang control. You either have full voltage or 0 voltage.
Since the Arduino can only supply a few hundred mA it is best to power them from an outside source.
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM (Transistor))
This feature is built into thje arduino The pins are labeled with a wavy symbol
On the UNO 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 have PWM capability.
All you are doing is switching the power on and off to simulate a lower voltage.
Dedicated Board